Beneficios de los compuestos bioactivos del mangostán en la enfermedad de Alzheimer: Revisión narrativa

Inmaculada Navarro-González; Pedro Andreo-Martínez; Nuria García-Martínez

doi:10.14198/DCN.19622

Autores/as

Inmaculada Navarro-González Universidad de Murcia, España https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5894-6400
Pedro Andreo-Martínez Universidad de Murcia, España https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6535-5492
Nuria García-Martínez Universidad de Murcia, España https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9028-231X

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14198/DCN.19622

Palabras clave:

Compuestos bioactivos, Compuestos neuroprotectores, Enfermedad de Alzheimer, Mangostán, Mangostín

Resumen

La enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) es una enfermedad neurodegenerativa irreversible, acompañada de pérdida de memoria y de déficit neurocognitivo progresivo. Los cambios fisiopatológicos asociados a esta enfermedad son la formación extracelular de depósitos de placas del péptido insoluble ß-amiloide, la hiperfosforilación de la proteína tau formando ovillos neurofibrilares, además de neuroinflamación, estrés oxidativo, alteración del metabolismo energético, pérdida de neuronas y sinapsis en el cerebro. La patogénesis de la EA no es conocida en su totalidad porque es multifactorial. Por lo tanto, no existe un tratamiento preventivo exitoso. En este sentido, existe un reciente interés sobre los compuestos bioactivos presentes en productos naturales y hierbas medicinales para el tratamiento de la EA por sus efectos beneficiosos. El mangostán, Garcinia mangostana L (familia de Guttifereae), es un árbol tropical que produce una fruta comestible con un sabor dulce y picante; cuyo pericarpio es una fuente de compuestos bioactivos, que han mostrado una excelente actividad farmacológica. El pericarpio del mangostán se ha utilizado en la medicina tradicional contra varias enfermedades como úlceras, infecciones de la piel, diarrea o heridas. Muchos estudios han reportado que el pericarpio del mangostán contiene compuestos fenólicos, vitaminas (B1, B2, C) y otras sustancias bioactivas. Las xantonas y sus derivados pertenecen a la familia de los polifenoles, y están muy presentes en el mangostán. Se ha demostrado que poseen una amplia actividad biológica como antioxidantes, antiinflamatorios, anticancerígenos, antimicrobianos y actividades neuroprotectoras tanto en estudios in vitro como in vivo. La evidencia científica sugiere que las xantonas (obtenidas de pericarpio del mangostán) pueden atenuar la neurotoxicidad y algunos de los cambios fisiopatológicos asociados con la EA en modelos celulares y animales. En la presente revisión, se describe el estado actual del potencial efecto terapéutico del extracto del mangostán y las xantonas en modelos celulares y animales en la EA, describiendo también los efectos observados y las vías moleculares propuestas.

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