Neuropsicología de la Esclerosis Múltiple

María Mula

doi:10.14198/DCN.2014.1.1.02

Autores/as

María Mula Asociación de Esclerosis Múltiple Área III (AEMA 3), Murcia, España

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14198/DCN.2014.1.1.02

Palabras clave:

Esclerosis Múltiple, Procesos cognitivos, Evaluación neuropsicológica, Rehabilitación neuropsicológica

Resumen

La Esclerosis Múltiple es una enfermedad del Sistema Nervioso Central que produce una gran variedad de síntomas tanto a nivel físico como a nivel emocional y cognitivo. Durante muchos años se ha tendido a infravalorar el deterioro cognitivo como consecuencia del gran impacto físico que conlleva la enfermedad. Sin embargo, la prevalencia de deterioro cognitivo entre estos pacientes oscila entre un 40-65%. Objetivo. Este estudio es una revisión amplia sobre los diferentes campos que integra la Esclerosis Múltiple con el fin de recopilar datos sobre el funcionamiento neuropsicológico de la enfermedad. Desarrollo. Las funciones neuropsicológicas más frecuentemente afectadas son la atención, la velocidad de procesamiento, la memoria de trabajo, la memoria verbal y visuoespacial, así como las funciones ejecutivas. A lo largo del tiempo se han ido creando varias baterías desarrolladas para valorar este deterioro. En cuanto a la rehabilitación de dichos procesos cognitivos tras la revisión de artículos se ha observado que la de los procesos atencionales así como la del procesamiento de la información y de las funciones ejecutivas puede efectuarse mediante una mayor actividad de las redes cerebrales que inervan las funciones capacitadas. Conclusiones. En algunas ocasiones, el deterioro cognitivo es más incapacitante que el deterioro físico. Por este motivo es imprescindible que continúe el estudio detallado de la naturaleza de estas alteraciones para así diseñar programas de rehabilitación neuropsicológica adaptados a las necesidades específicas de esta población.

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