Relación entre la exposición a pesticidas y las enfermedades mentales: Una revisión sistemática

Nuria García-Martínez; Inmaculada Navarro-González; Pedro Andreo-Martínez

doi:10.14198/DCN.19700

Autores/as

Nuria García-Martínez Universidad de Murcia, España https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9028-231X
Inmaculada Navarro-González Universidad de Murcia, España https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5894-6400
Pedro Andreo-Martínez Universidad de Murcia, España https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6535-5492

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14198/DCN.19700

Palabras clave:

Enfermedades mentales, Enzima acetilcolinesterasa, Hormonas tiroideas, Pesticida, Trastornos neuropsiquiátricos

Resumen

Este trabajo realiza una revisión sistemática sobre la relación existente entre la exposición a residuos de pesticidas y la presencia de enfermedades o trastornos mentales. Los pesticidas son sustancias químicas utilizadas en la inmensa mayoría de los campos agrícolas para prevenir o eliminar las plagas que amenazan a los cultivos. Sin embargo, su uso puede implicar serios problemas para la salud de las personas como enfermedades pulmonares, cáncer, enfermedades metabólicas, problemas de infertilidad e incluso trastornos psicopatológicos. La metodología para realizar este estudio de revisión siguió las indicaciones marcadas por el protocolo PRISMA, encontrándose un total de cuatro artículos originales tras aplicar los criterios de exclusión e inclusión establecidos. Tres artículos estudiaron la relación exposición a residuos pesticidas - enfermedades mentales en sujetos con características diferentes y con niveles de exposición variables. Única-mente un artículo empleó ratones sometidos a diferentes dosis de pesticidas como modelo para evaluar su efecto sobre el comportamiento de estos animales. De los resultados encontrados por los diferentes artículos se puede deducir que la exposición a residuos de pesticidas tiene claros efectos sobre la salud mental de individuos altamente susceptibles a la presencia de contaminantes como mujeres lactantes y recién nacidos; así como personas sometidas a elevados niveles de pesticidas como formuladores y aplicadores agrícolas o personas residentes en las cercanías de campos agrícolas. Por otro lado, futuras investigaciones sobre este tema, basadas en modelos animales y estudios poblacionales, son necesarias para establecer conexiones realistas entre los trastornos mentales y los diferentes tipos de pesticidas usados actualmente en los campos agrícolas.

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