Interventions for Emotional Dysregulation and Associated Factors  in Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Comprehensive Review

Michele Di Salvo

doi:10.14198/DCN.30770

Autores/as

Michele Di Salvo Crossmedia Labs, Italia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9531-0591

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14198/DCN.30770

Palabras clave:

Desregulación emocional, trastornos del desarrollo neurológico, trastorno del espectro autista, TDAH, terapia cognitivo-conductual

Resumen

La desregulación emocional (DE), caracterizada por dificultades para modular las respuestas emocionales, es un desafío generalizado y transdiagnóstico en los trastornos del desarrollo neurológico (TND), como el trastorno del espectro autista (TEA), el trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH) y la discapacidad intelectual (DI). Es uno de los principales factores que contribuyen al deterioro funcional, los malos resultados a largo plazo y la reducción de la calidad de vida. Esta revisión integradora sistemática y exhaustiva tiene como objetivo sintetizar la amplia bibliografía publicada entre enero de 2000 y diciembre de 2025 sobre la etiología multifactorial de la DE en los TND y proporcionar una evaluación crítica de las intervenciones basadas en la evidencia, pasando de los modelos teóricos a la aplicación práctica en el mundo real, al tiempo que se abordan las controversias y limitaciones de la base empírica. Se empleó una metodología de revisión integradora sistemática. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en las bases de datos PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science y Scopus de la bibliografía publicada entre 2000 y 2025. La estrategia de búsqueda incorporó un conjunto completo de palabras clave, entre ellas «desregulación emocional», «regulación emocional», «autismo», «TDAH», «discapacidad intelectual», «intervención» y términos asociados. El proceso siguió las directrices PRISMA, con un diagrama de flujo detallado que ilustra la selección de los estudios. Los datos de los estudios incluidos se extrajeron a una tabla maestra estructurada que documenta las características del estudio, las intervenciones, los resultados, el tamaño del efecto y las evaluaciones del riesgo de sesgo utilizando herramientas estandarizadas (RoB 2, ROBINS-I, JBI).La ED en los TND surge de una compleja interacción entre vulnerabilidades neurológicas (por ejemplo, hiperactividad de la amígdala, disfunción de la corteza prefrontal, patrones de conectividad alterados), déficits cognitivos (por ejemplo, funciones ejecutivas, teoría de la mente, alexitimia) y factores ambientales (por ejemplo, diferencias en el procesamiento sensorial, clima familiar, retos sociales). Las pruebas respaldan las intervenciones multimodales, incluidas las terapias cognitivo-conductuales adaptadas (TCC, TDC), las prácticas basadas en la atención plena, el tratamiento farmacológico (por ejemplo, estimulantes, antipsicóticos atípicos, agonistas alfa-2), los enfoques mediados por los padres y las tecnologías emergentes como la biorretroalimentación y la realidad virtual. Sin embargo, la heterogeneidad significativa de los resultados, el tamaño modesto de los efectos en muchos estudios y las preocupaciones sobre la generalización y el sesgo de publicación requieren una interpretación cautelosa de los hallazgos. Abordar la DE requiere una evaluación personalizada de los mecanismos subyacentes y enfoques de tratamiento multimodales. Si bien hay pruebas sustanciales que respaldan diversas intervenciones, las investigaciones futuras deben abordar lagunas importantes, como los protocolos transdiagnósticos, las perspectivas de la esperanza de vida, la ciencia de la implementación, la personalización guiada por biomarcadores y enfoques metodológicos más rigurosos. Las pruebas sugieren la necesidad de una evaluación más crítica de los efectos de las intervenciones y el reconocimiento de los resultados tanto positivos como negativos en la literatura.

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